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Positive and negative ion sublimation from transition metal surfaces: A review of some recent results
Mass spectrometry; positive and negative ions; sublimation; transition metals
Singly charged, positive and negative, atomic ions have been observed to sublime freely from 4d and 5d transition metal surfaces in the 1800 to 2600 K temperature range. The rates of sublimation were found to be about equal to those which would be...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

Dr. Mary Seraphine Bennett (1970)
Photographs; History; Metrology; 1970s; Women in science
Sister Mary Seraphine Bennett, pictured here in 1970, is using a remote terminal at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to keyboard data into a computer. Bennett had a Ph.D. in mathematics, and took a one-year course in computer science offered...
Historic Images

Standard reference materials (SRMs) for the calibration and validation of analytical methods for PCBs (as Aroclor mixtures)
Aroclors; PCBs; Standard Reference Materials (SRMs); transformer oil; water
Six Standard Reference Materials (SRMs(R)) have been prepared by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the determination of PCBs as different Aroclor mixtures in methanol. Six additional SRMs of the same Aroclors in...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

Six students from Baseline Junior High School in Boulder, CO, shown with a bathosphere exhibited at the First Annual Regional Science Fair held at the NBS Boulder Laboratories on April 28, 1956
Photographs; History; Metrology; Science projects; Awards; 1950s
Six students from Baseline Junior High School in Boulder, CO, shown with a bathosphere exhibited at the First Annual Regional Science Fair held at the NBS Boulder Laboratories on April 28, 1956. Left to right: Russell Hicks, exhibitor of the...
NBS-NIST Campuses, Buildings, and Labs

Morphological and Electrical Characterization of MWCNT Papers and Pellets
buckypaper; nanotechnology; multiwall carbon nanotubes
Six types of commercially available multiwall carbon nanotube soot were obtained and prepared into buckypapers by pellet pressing and by filtration into a paper. These samples were evaluated with respect to thickness, compressibility and electrical...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

An extension to the sliding short method of connector and adaptor evaluation
Adaptor; connector; efficiency; sliding short
Sliding short methods represent a measurement tool of substantial potential for the measurement of small losses such as are associated with waveguide connectors or adaptors. Until recently, however, the use of these methods has been inhibited by...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

A formal solution for slit corrections in small-angle x-ray scattering
Distribution of intensity; integral equation; scattering cross section; slit correction; small-angle x-ray scattering
Slit shaped apertures are usually used in small-angle x-ray scattering measurements in order to obtain easily measured intensities of scattered radiation. As a result, the scattering intensity at a given angle determined by the camera, the center...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

ASME B89.4.19 Performance Evaluation Tests and Geometric Misalignments in Laser Trackers
ASME B89.4.19; geometric errors; laser tracker; misalignments; performance evaluation; sensitivity analysis
Small and unintended offsets, tilts, and eccentricity of the mechanical and optical components in laser trackers introduce systematic errors in the measured spherical coordinates (angles and range readings) and possibly in the calculated lengths of...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

Souvenir Mirror from Gaithersburg Campus Open House
Small mirrors like this one, etched with the wording "NBS Dedication Nov. 15, 1966", were given as souvenirs to visitors during the open house of the new National Bureau of Standards Gaithersburg, MD campus held on November 15th, 1966. Visitors...
NIST Museum Artifacts

An Analysis of Technologies and Standards for Designing Smart Manufacturing Systems
Factory Design and Improvement (FDI); ISA-88; ISA-95; manufacturing software application; manufacturing system control; manufacturing system performance improvement; manufacturing system standard analysis; manufacturing workflow; re-engineering;...
Smart manufacturing is defined by high degrees of automation. Automation, in turn, is defined by clearly defined processes. The use of standards in this environment is not just commonplace, but essential to creating repeatable processes and...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

On two numerical techniques for light scattering by dielectric agglomerated structures
agglomerates; coupled dipole method; light scattering; method of moments; smoke
Smoke agglomerates are made of many soot spheres, and their light scattering response is of interest in fire research. The numerical techniques chiefly used for theoretical scattering studies are the method of moments and the coupled dipole moment....
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

Socketed Ball-Bar Set SRM 2083
Socketed Ball-Bar Set, Standard Reference Material 2083. This set was designed for measuring the performance of coordinate measuring machines in accordance with ASME Standard B89.1.12. This device was designed by Robert J. Hocken, T. Charlton, and...
NIST Museum Artifacts

Temperature Effect on the Nanostructure of SDS Micelles in Water
aggregation number; critical micelle temperature; ellipsoidal particles; material balance equations; micelle structure; SANS; SDS; small-angle neutron scattering; sodium dodecyl sulfate; surfactant.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants form micelles when dissolved in water. These are formed of a hydrocarbon core and hydrophilic ionic surface. The small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique was used with deuterated water (D2O) in order...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

Software assurance using structured assurance case models
product assurance; software assurance; software assurance case; software security; structured assurance case model; structured software assurance model
Software assurance is an important part of the software development process to reduce risks and ensure that the software is dependable and trustworthy. Software defects and weaknesses can often lead to software errors and failures and to...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

Software techniques to improve data reliability in superconductor and low-resistance measurements
critical current; cryoconductor; editor; errors; figure of merit; measurement system; outlier; resistivity; software; statistics; superconductor
Software techniques have been developed to take low-amplitude data in various patterns, assign to a figure of merit to a set of data readings, edit data for erroneous readings (or other experimental variations), and to alert the experimenter if the...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

Solar Eclipse Image
Optics and Optical Instruments
Solar eclipse image on light block with fluorescent bulbs. The National Geographic Society and the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) jointly sponsored an expedition to the remote Kazak region of Asiatic U.S.S.R. (now known as the Republic of...
NIST Museum Artifacts

Investigation of solid D-2 for UCN sources
catalyser; cold neutron beam; cryogenic converter; ortho-deuterium; ortho-para conversion; Raman spectroscopy; scattering cross sections; single crystal; solid deuterium; ultracold neutrons
Solid deuterium (sD(2)) will be used for the production of ultra-cold neutrons (UCN) in a new generation of UCN sources. Scattering cross sections of UCN in sD2 determine the source yield but until now have not been investigated. We report first...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

Solid nitrogen forming in a simulated space environment
Photographs; History; Metrology; Low temperatures; Low temperature research
Solid nitrogen forming in a simulated space environment during NBS Cryogenic Laboratory research to determine flow charactertistics of cryogenic fluids escaping from meteoroid punctures in uninsulated missile tanks. This image is part of the...
Historic Images

Precipitation and solubility of calcium hydrogenurate hexahydrate
calcium hydrogenurate hexahydrate; identification; precipitation; solubility; solubility product; urinary stone formation
Solid phases formed in the quaternary system: uric acid - calcium hydroxide - hydrochloric acid - water aged for 2 months at 310 K were studied to determine conditions for calcium hydrogenurate hexahydrate, Ca(C5H3N4O3)2.6H2O, precipitation. The...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

Absolute isotopic abundance ratios and the atomic weight of a reference sample of potassium
Absolute ratios; atomic weight; isotopic abundance; potassium; reference standard
Solid sample, thermal ionization, mass spectrometry has been used to obtain absolute values for the isotopic abundance ratios of a reference sample of potassium. Standards of known isotopic composition, prepared by gravimetrically mixing nearly...
Journal of Research of NIST and Predecessor Publications

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